How Was The Great Depression Caused Essay - 1782 Words

How was the Great Depression Caused? The economic down turn that occurred in 1929 was know as the great depression. This econmic failure left the U.S helpless and in despair till World War 2 began and shot americas economy through the roof. The great depression was a time of confusion and a vast change of life compared to how people were living in the earlier 20’s. The failure of the economy happened for various reasons, all leading up to the market crash of october 29, 1929 or â€Å"black tuesday†.It could be said that the lifestyle and the ways Americans made money in the 1920’s was ultimately the root cause of the Great Depression. To fully understand the causes of the great depression we first need to look at how life was in the early 1920’s. The 1920’s were an extremely prosperous time for the people of America. The new gasoline automobile was being made available to the public, women had the right to vote and mass culture was born. People were now unanimously tied together by tr ends and across the country. People were buying, wearing and saying the same things thanks to the help of media and large chain stores. People were bringing radios into their homes and the movie picture was captivating audiences across the U.S. The economy was aslo on the rise. Businesses were expanding and manufacturing was through the roof. Stock was being sold and the prices were far beyond realistic value. These rising stock prices signled trouble for the American economy but few people tookShow MoreRelatedEssay about Cinderella Man 701 Words   |  3 PagesWorld Championship boxer James Braddock. Braddocks life was affected heavily by the great depression, and the film does well to show this. The film also does a good job of chronicling the life of the everyday man during the great depression. This essay aims to discuss the role of the stock market crash in the beginning of the great depression, the effects of the depression on the life of the everyday man, and the effects of the depression on the life of James J Braddock and his family. ThereRead MoreReasons Why The Crash Of Wall Street Happened1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmany reasons why the Great Depression occurred but the main ones are from the uneven distribution of income, loss of export sales, and mistakes by the Federal Reserve. This paper will also give examples on how the economic problems in 1929 were similar to the economic problems in 2008 in America. Lastly, this paper will talk about the different lessons learned from the very hard struggle of going through the Great Depression. One of the reasons the crash of Wall street occurred was because of creditRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression, Annotated Bibliography879 Words   |  4 PagesCecchetti, Stephen G. Understanding the Great Depression: Lessons for Current Policy . Monetary Economics (1997): 1-26. This article is about the circumstances that led to the collapse of the economy in 1929. It relates to my research proposal because I am evaluating historic events that led to the financial crisis of 1929. The article discusses how deflation played an important role in expanding the depression, and how the Gold Standard, a monetary system in which a country’s government allowsRead MoreEffects Of The Great Depression1329 Words   |  6 Pages3/12/2015 The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic recession in US history. In October 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed. This event is commonly referred to as the beginning of the Depression. The stock market crashed in New York causing the rest of America to fall. It was not just one factor, but a combination of domestic and worldwide conditions that led to the Great Depression. There are many theories of what caused the Great Depression, however, they are not allRead MoreThe Real Causes of the Depression1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Depression of the 1930s. Although some people say that the Depression was caused by the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, it was strictly due to many reasons that were unrelated to the Act. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was signed by President Herbert Hoover on June 17, 1930. It had been proposed in 1929 and was passed in June of 1930 by Congress (Burg 63). Two men by the name Reed Smoot and Willis C. Hawley, who were republicans, sponsored this Act, but 46 states did not see the significance or how itRead MoreCauses and Effects of The Great Depression in the United States1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression is a defining moment in time for not only American, but world history. This was a time that caused political, economical, and social unrest. Not only did the Great Depression cause a world wide panic, it also caused a world wide crisis unlike any before it. This paper will analyze both the causes and the effects of the Great Depression in the United States of America. One cause of the depression is the effects of World War One. World War one had many devastating effects onRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Great Depression of the 1930s Introduction The economic crisis’ of the 1930s and 2000s greatly impacted the United Sates (U.S) and the world. The Great Depression and Global Crisis were both major economic crisis’s the originated in the United States and spread to foreign markets around the world. The Great Depression is regarded as the biggest economic downturn, due to many factors like the stock market crash. The Global Crisis on the other hand, was a more recent recession caused by sub-primeRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Great Depression875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe consequences of the great depression in France. For this paper, to identify the consequences of the great depression in France I will have to obtain a variety of sources that explain how they got involved. Using these sources I will be able to figure out who was mainly damaged and how they try to resolve issues. I will also be able to identify who else was involved that may have caused things get worse. Information of France before and after the great depression will also be helpful to analyzeRead MoreGreat Depression Outline1529 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Outline Monsy Rodriguez The Great Depression Thesis: In its duration and magnitude, the Great Depression was indefinitely more severe than any other episode of â€Å"hard times† in our history and it was the molding force of the America we live in today. Purpose of Your Hook: The purpose of my hook is to get the reader’s attention and have them keep reading and get through the whole essay. Key Point of Introduction: The purpose of my introduction is to expose the reader of my topic and myRead MoreThe Great Depression Caused A Massive Unemployment917 Words   |  4 PagesThe great depression was an event that impacted the U.S in a very drastic way. It caused many to lose their jobs, therefore losing wealth. It was a long lasting economic crisis during 1929. Lasting until 1940s. It started the beginning of involvement from the government to the country’s economy and also the society altogether. The government wanted to find ways to end this. After almost a decade of prosperity and high optimism , the U.S is now faced to a period of despair. Many had to recover from

Stress And Stress On Stress - 1266 Words

Everyone at one point in their life has felt stressed, but what exactly is stress and why do we feel it? Stress can be the way someone’s brain responds to a demand no matter how big or small. Stress can be caused by something as simple as commuting to and from work or school on a daily basis; however, stress could also be something as big as marriage or buying a house. We all have our own amount of stress we can handle normally on a daily basis. Stress is a mental or emotional strain or tension due to very demanding circumstances. Stress may also be to give emphasis on something more important. Modern life has become such a hassle with work, children, spouses, school and everyday activities. We are also faced with many difficulties, decisions, demands, frustrations and deadline that lead to being stressed. For most people stress has become such a common everyday feeling that it has become a natural feeling and a way of life. It is important to know what stress is, the symptoms of stress, the causes of stress, and the three types of stress in order to know how to manage and cope with stress. Stress is the body’s reaction to a certain situation. Some situations may be real others may be perceived. When the human body feels threatened or over-whelmed. Stress means different things for different people. When one person may feel stressed during a certain situation, while the same situation may not even effect a different person. Stress may not be all bad, when stress comes inShow MoreRelatedStress And The Stress Of Stress912 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"You need to be able to manage stress because hard times will come, and a positive outlook is what gets you through,† stated by Marie Osmond (Stress). This quote moves to the forefront of my thoughts when I become aware of the stress that arises in my life. Individuals react to stress in various ways, which makes it difficult to address the causes of stress and reactions to it. It is challenging to find underlying contributors of stress when one has not frequently experienced this feeling. (15) IRead MoreStress And The Stress Of Stress1594 Words   |  7 PagesStress is something everyone goes through no matter what age, gender or race you are. Stress is the experience of a perceived threat to one’s mental, physical or spiritual well-being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations. When people think of stress they think it’s a bad thing which isn’t true, some stress is just your body’s reaction to certain situations. At times it may seem like stress is taking over your body leaving you physically, emotionally and mentally hurtRead MoreStress : Stress And Stress963 Words   |  4 PagesStress Management One definition of stress is, â€Å"A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances†. Stress can be as small as everyday hassles or as extreme as catastrophes. Stress is a part of our everyday lives and at times can feel as if it is controlling us; as if there is nothing we can do to get rid of it. However, there are ways to cope with stress, to minimize it and hopefully avoid it as much as possible. It is important to know whatRead MoreStress : Stress And Stress995 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body s reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet a deadline. But when stress lasts for a long time, it may harm your health†. (http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/stress-and-anxiety) . Stress can often be associated with anxiety, felling uptight, tensionRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Stress And Stress864 Words   |  4 PagesMerriam-Webster defines stress as â€Å"a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation† (Stress, 2015). Many people think of stress as being overworked or overwhelmed, but stress can be caused by all facets of everyday life. Through the evaluation of my stress self-assessment and the course readings, it has become abundantly evident that stress impacts the body, is affected by motivation and emotions, and by understanding the psychologyRead MoreStress Among Stress And Stress1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, stress problems are common. According to, â€Å"The American Psychological Association (2017)†, â€Å"Stress in America† is rated to be present in one-third of the population. There are so many studies which associate with st ress levels at any particular moment of their lives. When stress occurs repeatedly, the incidence of its occurrence is much higher when you think of throughout a lifespan. When talking about stress, it’s regarding the reference to the negative experiences that overwhelmRead MoreStress And Stress1465 Words   |  6 PagesStress has a major influence upon one’s health, thinking, behavior, and mood. Stress is commonly mistaken for generally evoking negative associations; however, it is actually part of the human experience that places pressure on people so that they may be able to perform at a higher level achievement. Nonetheless, when stress becomes too much to handle, or becomes chronic, it can affect an individual physically, mentally, behaviorally, and emotionally. Stress plays a prominent role in one’s dailyRead MoreStress And Stress Related Stress1224 Words   |  5 PagesStress is a common problem in modern day life today. It is a basic thing of everyday life and there is no way to completely escape it. Most people associate stress with a negative situations; however, whether the stress related problem is negative or posit ive, the important key is how you respond to it. People experience stress in many different ways. Because stress has negative effects, it will usually manifest itself it one way or another. Stress is not avoidable but it can be managed withRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Stress And Stress1865 Words   |  8 Pagesthat could occur is stress. Even though this type of stress differs from everyday stress most people experience while at home, it can still have a major impact. Considering not everyone is able to cope with stress in the same way, the toll it takes on each individual will vary. Stress can occur from travel-related occurrences such as: running late to events and tours, losing an essential item, attempting to quickly adjust to another culture, and many more. Over time, built up stress can result in otherRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Stress Of The World Stress1047 Words   |  5 PagesPeople all over the world stress about something every day. Stress can lead to many dangerous health problems and can strain relationships with other people. People in the United States stress over many of the same issues. I stress about school, work, family issues, and social life. School causes me to stress more than any of the other issues. I attend college classes five days of the week and I commute an hour to Kentucky Wesleyan and an hour back home every day. I just started college and every

Wayson Choy; the Jade Peony Free Essays

Chinese immigrants in Canada were treated poorly during the depression. Life was hard, but acceptance and the family’s bond kept spirits high and helped them pull through the tough times. In The Jade Peony, the writer, Wayson Choy, tells three children’s perspectives of their family of Chinese immigrants dealing with death and acceptance during the depression. We will write a custom essay sample on Wayson Choy; the Jade Peony or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone should read the Jade Peony because it develops important themes throughout the novel using the symbols and settings. The theme of thing’s not always being what they seem is portrayed through the symbol of Gold Mountain and the setting and conditions of the depression.Talk in China caused the immigrants to believe that Gold Mountain would make them rich. Families piled on boats to come to Canada in hope for a better life for their children. The would soon discover they had immigrated to over work and be under payed. The reputation of Gold Mountain was nothing more than a fantasy. Canada was talked about in China as the place for a better life. When Chinese immigrants came to Canada they would find themselves affected by discrimination and the depression. Children however were unaware of this.Parents would put up a front and act as if life is going as it should to save their children from the harsh reality. Times were tough, and parents struggled to find jobs to provide for their family. The kids were protected from the truth so they could enjoy life worry free from adult issues. Children’s lack of knowledge, Canada and Gold Mountain are relations to the theme. Poh Poh has a good grasp on the theme of accepting fate. She shows an understanding of the theme throughout the novel. When the white cat with red eyes shows up at the window Poh Poh knows its her time to pass.She claims it’s the Juggler (her lost lover) coming to take her to the after life. Throughout the novel Poh Poh continues saying, â€Å"I too old! Die soon! † She knows her time is coming and choses not to fight fate and let herself pass with little struggle. Wind chimes in Chinese culture are put at the window of the house where someone has died to help their soul pass onto the after world. Poh Poh begins to gather objects to make her wind chimes. She uses the Jade Peony as the center piece. Poh Poh is preparing for her death, again allowing nature to take its course and let herself die eacefully. The theme of accepting fate relates to most scenes in the novel. The families live in the depression, yet they go about their lives adapting to the situation. They do not fight the conditions they are forced into. They make the best of it and use what they can to pull through the hard times. Wayson Choy has portrayed the theme throughout the novel using Poh Poh and other events. Poh Poh is a strong character who’s attitude reflects her acceptance of the life cycle. All three perspectives give evidence of the importance of family.A direct example of that is Jung Sum. Jung Sum was not born from Liang’s mother or Step Mother. He was adopted into their family after a few years abuse from his biological parents. The characters in the Jade Peony are willing to accept outsiders into their family and treat them like their own. On top of not being blood related, Jung Sum is gay. Poh Poh knows from the start yet still takes a liking to Jung Sum. Early on in the book Poh Poh says, â€Å"Jung Sum is the moon. † The moon represents yin which is female.Poh Poh realizes early on that Jung Sum is feminine and accepts him for it. The boxing ring was where Jung Sum could fight and show how strong he was. He always wanted acceptance from Frank, an older boy of who he had taken a liking to. He tried to be this strong and determined boxer in hope of being accepted by the older boys. He even takes a drink of their beer hoping he can become one of them. He shows his strength in attempt to get accepted by his peers. His family is more than willing to accept him no matter how weak or strong he is.The symbols in the novel help make the importance of family an evident theme. Although the narrators were naive in their perspectives, the Jade Peony shows the life of a Chinese family in Canada during the depression. They are faced with discrimination and conflict which help create a compelling story. The important themes in the story are created using the symbols and settings written about in the Jade Peony. The families struggle in Canada and their ability to stay unified and enforce themes makes the Jade Peony by Wayson Choy a must read for all. How to cite Wayson Choy; the Jade Peony, Papers

Ernest HemingwayS The Sun Also Rises Essay Example For Students

Ernest HemingwayS The Sun Also Rises Essay Ernest HemingwayS The Sun Also RisesCode HeroErnest Hemingway is one of the authors named â€Å"The Lost Generation. † He could not cope with post-war America; therefore, he introduced a new type of character in writing called the code hero. He was known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment. Traits of a typical Hemingway code hero are stimulating surroundings, self-control, self-reliance, fearlessness, and strict moral rules. In Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, Pedro Romero is the character who maintains the typical code hero qualities, while Robert Cohn provides the antithesis of a code hero. Pedro Romero comes closest to the embodiment of Hemingways’s code hero because of his strength, courage, and confidence. Brett is enchanted by this handsome, nineteen-year-old matador. He is a fearless figure who confronts death in his occupation; he is not afraid in the bullring and controls the bulls like a master. Pedro is the first man since Jake who causes Brett to lose her self-control. She says, â€Å"I can’t help it. I’m a goner now, anyway. Don’t you see the difference? I’ve got to do something I really want to do. I’ve lost my self respect. † In contrast, Pedro maintains his self-control in his first encounter with Brett. â€Å"He felt there was something between them. He must have felt it when Brett gave him her hand. He was being very careful. † Brett falls in love with Pedro as a hero. When Robert Cohn confronts Pedro because of his jealousy, Pedro demonstrates his confidence and strong will. Knocked down time and time again, Pedro rises each time refusing to be beaten. His controlled and dignified demeanor in an unusual situation contrasts sharply with Cohn’s fear and weakness. Pedro really wants to marry Brett because he wants to make sure she could never go away from him, but he will not compromise his expectations for a woman and will not accommodate Brett’s character even though he loves her. He leaves Brett willingly when he discovers that his ideals are impossible for her to accept. Pedro is a man of action and he does not, under any circumstance, compromise his beliefs or standards. He has been left untainted by Brett, sustaining his strong-willed, correct behavior. Moreover, he leaves without sulking like Robert Cohn. Robert Cohn violates everything a Hemingway code hero represents. He is rich, gifted, and skillful and ready to discuss his emotions in detail. Robert refuses to admit defeat when Brett rejects him repeatedly. Unlike Pedro, when Cohn is hurt, he insists on complaining to everyone instead of suffering in silence. Cohn does nothing to assert his masculinity either. He allows people, especially women, to ridicule him and knock down his self-esteem. Cohn obviously cannot stand up for himself and does not take action when he should. Consequently, Robert has no self-control. When Pedro sleeps with Brett, he takes out his jealousy by beating him almost to death. Cohn is a complaining, weak, accommodating adolescent who has little understanding of others or himself. On the whole, Pedro Romero strictly adheres to the qualities of the typical Hemingway code hero. He relies solely on himself, utilizes his assets, and enjoys bullfighting and other honorable activities. He is an individual of action and speaks not of what he believes; rather, he just does what he believes to be right subtly without any fanfare. On the other hand, Robert Cohn allows people to walk all over him and continually feels sorry for himself. He is a shallow person who loves on the fringes of life. .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .postImageUrl , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:hover , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:visited , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:active { border:0!important; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:active , .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u85334e1169fbe4962e4436994e19ebeb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Developing Leadership Skills: The Art Of Empowerment Essay In the end, the person who does not possess the code hero qualities can never discover himself. Therefore, he can never truly be happy. English Essays

The Seagull Monologue Essay Summary Example For Students

The Seagull Monologue Essay Summary A monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Two Plays of Tchekhof. Trans. George Calderon. London: Grant Richards Ltd., 1912. TRIGORIN: Hmph! You talk of fame and happiness, of some brilliant interesting life; but for me all these pretty words, if I may say so, are just like marmalade, which I never eat. You are very young and very kind, but I don\t know what is so delightful about my life. You have heard of obsessions, when a man is haunted day and night, say, by the idea of the moon or something? Well, I\ve got my moon. Day and night I am obsessed by the same persistent thought; I must write, I must write, I must write. No sooner have I finished one story than I am somehow compelled to write another, then a third, after a third a fourth. I write without stopping, except to change horses like a postchaise. I have no choice. What is there brilliant or delightful in that, I should like to know? It\s a dog\s life! Here I am talking to you, excited and delighted, yet never for one moment do I forget that there is an unfinished story waiting for me indoors. I see a cloud shaped like a grand piano. I think: I mu st mention somewhere in a story that a cloud went by, shaped like a grand piano. I smell heliotrope. I say to myself: Sickly smell, mourning shade, must be mentioned in describing a summer evening. I lie in wait for each phrase, for each word that falls from my lips or yours and hasten to lock all these words and phrases away in my literary storeroom: they may come in handy some day. When I finish a piece of work, I fly to the theatre or go fishing, in the hope of resting, of forgetting myself, but no, a new subject is already turning, like a heavy iron ball, in my brain, some invisible force drags me to my table and I must make haste to write and write. And so on for ever and ever. We will write a custom essay on The Seagull Monologue Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I have no rest from myself; I feel that I am devouring my own life, that for the honey which I give to unknown mouths out in the void, I rob my choicest flowers of their pollen, pluck the flowers themselves and trample on their roots. Surely I must be mad? Surely my friends and acquaintances do not treat me as they would treat a sane man? What are you writing at now? What are we going to have next? So the same thing goes on over and over again, until I feel as if my friends\ interest, their praise and admiration, were all a deception; they are deceiving me as one deceives a sick man, and sometimes I\m afraid that at any moment they may steal on me from behind and seize me and carry me off, like Poprishtchin, to a madhouse. In the old days, my young best days, when I was a beginner, my work was a continual torture. An unimportant writer, especially when things are going against him, feels clumsy, awkward and superfluous; his nerves are strained and tormented; he cannot keep from hover ing about people who have to do with art and literature, unrecognized, unnoticed, afraid to look men frankly in the eye, like a passionate gambler who has no money to play with. The reader that I never saw presented himself to my imagination as something unfriendly and mistrustful. I was afraid of the public; it terrified me; and when each new play of mine was put on, I felt every time that the dark ones in the audience were hostile and the fair ones coldly indifferent. How frightful it was! What agony I went through! Yes, it\s a pleasant feeling writing; and looking over proofs is pleasant too. But as soon as the thing is published my heart sinks, and I see that it is a failure, a mistake, that I ought not to have written it at all; then I am angry with myself, and feel horrible. And the public reads it and says: How charming! How clever! How charming, but not a patch on Tolstoy! or It\s a delightful story, but not so good as Turgenev\s \Fathers and Sons.\' And so on, to my dying day, my writings will always be clever and charming, clever and charming, nothing more. And when I die, my friends, passing by my grave, will say: Here lies Trigorin. He was a charming writer, but not so good as Turgenev.

Definition and Examples of Subordination in English

Definition and Examples of Subordination in English Subordination in English grammar is the process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Clauses joined by coordination are called main clauses  or independent clauses. This is in contrast to subordination, in which a subordinate clause (for example, an adverb clause or an adjective clause) is attached to the main clause. Clausal subordination is often (but not always) indicated by a subordinating conjunction  in the case of adverb clauses or a relative pronoun  in the case of adjective clauses. Examples and Observations In the sentence, I swear that I didnt dream it, where one clause is part of the other, we have subordination. The higher clause, i.e., the whole sentence, is the main clause and the lower clause is a sub-clause. In this case, there is an element which actually marks explicitly the beginning of the subordinate clause, namely that. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Adverbial Subordinate Clauses While Fern was in school, Wilbur was shut up inside his yard. (E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952)  All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. (George Orwell, Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg, 1945)One summer morning, after I had swept the dirt yard of leaves, spearmint-gum wrappers, and Vienna-sausage labels, I raked the yellow-red dirt, and made half-moons carefully, so that the design stood out clearly and masklike. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)[U]nless one is inordinately fond of subordination, one is always at war. (Philip Roth, The Dying Animal. Houghton Mifflin, 2001) Adjectival Subordinate Clauses Fern . . . found an old milking stool that had been discarded, and she placed the stool in the sheepfold next to Wilburs pen. (E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952)Moses, who was Mr. Joness especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. (George Orwell, Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg, 1945)We lived with our grandmother and uncle in the rear of the Store (it was always spoken of with a capital s), which she had owned some twenty-five years. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)In the cutting room, there were twenty-five men at work, about six to a table, and the Swede led her over to the oldest of them, whom he introduced as the Master. (Philip Roth, American Pastoral. Houghton Mifflin, 1997) Analyzing Subordinate Structures Subordination-heavy sentences are probably our most common type of sentence, either spoken or written, though they are more complicated than they may seem at first glance. In fact, this sentence by Thomas Cahill seems quite ordinary until we examine it more closely: In the time-honored fashion of the ancient world, he opens the book at random, intending to receive as a divine message the first sentence his eyes should fall upon. - How the Irish Saved Civilization (57) Cahills basic sentence about St. Augustine is he opened the book. But the sentence begins with two orienting prepositional phrases (In the time-honored fashion and of the ancient world) and adds detail at the end with a prepositional phrase (at random) and a participial phrase (intending . . .). There is also an infinitive phrase (to receive . . .) and a subordinate clause (his eyes should fall upon). For the reader, comprehending this sentence is much simpler than describing it. (Donna Gorrell, Style and Difference. Houghton Mifflin, 2005) Cognitive Relations [T]he notion of subordination will be defined here exclusively in functional terms. Subordination will be regarded as a particular way to construe the cognitive relation between two events, such that one of them (which will be called the dependent event) lacks an autonomous profile, and is construed in the perspective of the other event (which will be called the main event). This definition is largely based on the one provided in Langacker (1991: 435-7). For instance, in Langackers terms, the English sentence in (1.3), (1.3) After she drank the wine, she went to sleep. profiles the event of going to sleep, not the event of drinking the wine. . . . What matters here is that the definition pertains to cognitive relations between events, not any particular clause type. This means that the notion of subordination is independent of the way in which clause linkage is realized across languages. (Sonia Cristofaro,  Subordination. Oxford University Press, 2003) Subordination and the Evolution of Languages Many languages make very sparse use of clause subordination while making much freer use of clause conjoining. We can extrapolate that the earliest languages had only juxtaposition of clauses, then developed markers of coordination of clauses (like and), and only later, perhaps much later, developed ways of signaling that one clause was intended to be understood as playing a role inside the interpretation of another, i.e. marking subordination of clauses. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014)

International Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Trade Operations - Essay Example Different countries enter into free trade agreements and there are different international trade organizations which support and promote free trade. Different school of thoughts have different perceptions and viewpoints about the free trade. According to one school of thought it is beneficial for overall growth and development of the different countries of the world. On the other hand, according to the second school of thought free trade is only beneficial for the developed and rich countries (Fridell, 2010). The supporters of the free trade are of the view point that it results in increasing competition and thus lower the prices. Apart from this, it results in increasing innovation and new products because of the competition. The domestic companies no more have monopoly in the market because of the government support like subsidies and quotas (Fridell, 2010). Fair trade means that the organizations indulge in trade by paying the legal and fair prices to the producers of the goods in different developing countries. The concept of fair trade is being promoted in order to make sure that all producers are paid the appropriate price for their hard work. Fair trade results in equity in international trade and works for the development of appropriate trading and working conditions in developing countries (Archer & Fritsch, 2010). The concept of fair trade generated from the fact that in some developing countries the working conditions are not appropriate and producers are ready to sell their products at low costs. This in turn results in damaging the working conditions more and benefits the organizations buying the products at low costs (Archer & Fritsch, 2010). For this purpose there are fair trade certifications. These certifications make sure that the products being traded are produced keep in consideration the standards and regulations regarding labor,

Gothic Cathedral in 12th-15th Centuries in Western Europe Essay

Gothic Cathedral in 12th-15th Centuries in Western Europe - Essay Example 91). There is speculation that the new style may have borrowed from Eastern styles which were used in Islamic architecture, but the main reason for the shift from rounded, rather solid and blunt shapes, to more elongated and graceful shapes is that builders acquired new techniques which gave them more freedom to try daring designs. These new building techniques shifted the weight bearing points so that walls could be both higher and lighter, thanks to the support from additional flying buttresses outside the main areas. Towns and cities embarked upon a kind of competition to outdo the efforts of neighboring places in producing the biggest, highest and most ornate Cathedral buildings possible. This meant that the Cathedral became more than the religious focal point of a city, since it began to represent the pride and ambition of the people of each city. The architectural principles of maximum height is important in the Gothic period, and this reflects the growing confidence of the Chu rch, allied with the town authorities, in in its mission of bringing salvation to mankind â€Å" Gothic forms symbolize the disappearance of the boundary between Man and God† (Frankl and Crossley, 2000, p. 277). The huge spires as in the Cathedrals of Cologne and Strasbourg, draw the eye to the heavens, and signify the aspirations of the people to praise God. The arches over doors and windows aquire a point as if to indicate once again the divine dimensions of life, and new materials from the quarries of Europe are used to beautify the external facades of rather plain buildings. Because of their extreme height, these Cathedrals became beacons and navigation points, serving to draw merchants and travellers into the cities. The floor plan of Gothic cathedrals was based on the figure of the cross, with the altar at the top, and areas for the choir or choirs at the sides. Rows of pointed arches created an impression of space within the main body of the Cathedral, and the inventio n of large scale stained glass windows added also considerable light. Smaller chapels and crypts were added around the main area of worship, allowing areas of intimacy as well as huge performance spaces for all kinds of pageant and ceremony. Long aisles were designed to provide space for processions and huge spaces catered for the burgeoning populations. All of this extra space allowed also the placement of sculptures inside the building as points for reflection and prayer, and on the facades outside as decoration. In Chartres Cathedral there are sculptures and images of Saint Peter at various points, reflecting the French Church’s loyalty to the Papal authority in Rome, and a particular veneration for this saint. Sculptures are important also as a focal point for pilgrims, and as teaching aids for congregations who were largely illiterate. In the Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, there is an ornate pillar of angels, constructed around 1230, which bears sculptures of the fou r evangelists, Christ the Judge, and angels with trumpets. This style of building is decorative as well as functional, and every corner provides an opportunity for symbolic adornment. The subject matter

Delinquent Youth Subculture - Gang Research Paper - 1

Delinquent Youth Subculture - Gang - Research Paper Example What is the response to youth gangs? The aim of this paper is to research the phenomenon of youth gangs in the American society. This requires providing answers to the questions above, supported by data from both primary and secondary sources. Structurally, I have organized the text into six main sections. The first part or Introduction outlines the aim and focus of the paper. The second section centers on the gangs’ origins and history, as well as explains what a gang is. The third part identifies the types of activities and behavior characteristic of a gang. The fourth section provides some theoretical background to the concept, while the fifth focuses on the societal response to the youth gangs phenomenon. Finally, I conclude the paper with the sixth section that sums up the paper’s findings. Scholarly sources abound with youth gang definitions, one of the earliest being that of Thrasher (1927). Thrasher explained that a gang should be understood as a spontaneously forming group that is not attached to any specific part of society (Thrasher, 1927). A more recent definition of gangs views the latter as groups that consist of individuals who recurrently associate and are subject to identifiable organization in leadership and internal matters. These groups also identify themselves with or claim to have control over a particular territory within a given community, and are known to engage in illegal (often violent) behavior individually or collectively (Miller, 1975). Youth gangs are also believed to be â€Å"any denotable groups of youngsters who a) are generally perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in their neighborhood; b) recognize themselves as a denotable group (almost invariably with a group name); and c) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from neighborhood agencies and/or enforcement agencies†

Reflection on theory and knowledge in nursing

Reflection on theory and knowledge in nursing The aim of this report is look at a critical incident that occurred in practice and relates this to the theory and knowledge regarding communication and interpersonal skills, so as to demonstrate an understanding of my views on the art and science of reflection and the issues surrounding reflective practice; that is to say, what skills were and were not used at the time of the incident. Confidentiality will be maintained as required by the Nursing Midwifery Council Code (NMC, 2008).    There is a discussion appraising the concept of reflection both generally, and in my particular area of practice of urgent care. Reflection is part of reflective practice and is a skill that is developed. It can be seen as a way of adjusting to life as a qualified healthcare professional and enhancing the development of a professional identity (Atwal Jones, 2009). Reflection is defined as a process of reviewing an experience which involves description, analysis and evaluation to enhance learning in practice (Rolfe et al 2001).  This is supported by (Fleming, 2006), who described it as a process of reasoned thought. It enables the practitioner to critically assess self and their approach to practice. Reflective practice is advocated in healthcare as a learning process that encourages self-evaluation with subsequent professional development planning (Zuzelo, 2009). Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. Reflective practice can mean taking our experiences as an initial point for our learning and developing practice (Jasper, 2003). Many literatures have been written in the past that suggest the use of reflective assignments and journaling as tools to improve reflection and thinking skills in healthcare (Chapman et al, 2008). Reflective journals are an ideal way to be actively involved in learning (Millinkovic Field, 2005) and can be implemented to allow practitioners to record events and document their thoughts and actions on daily situations, and how this may affect their future practice (Williams Wessel, 2004). MODELS In order to provide a framework for methods, practices and processes for building knowledge from practice there are several models of reflection available. All can help to direct individual reflection. Some may be particularly useful for superficial problem solving, and other better when a deeper reflective process is required. Reflective models however are not meant to be used as a rigid set of questions to be answered but to give some structure and encourage making a record of the activity. Johns (2004) reflects on uncovering the knowledge behind the incident and the actions of others present. It is a good tool for thinking, exploring ideas, clarifying opinions and supports learning. Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984) is a cycle that reflects a process individuals, teams and organisations attend to; and understands their experiences and subsequently, modifies their behaviour. Schà ¶n (1987), however, identifies two types of reflection that can be applied in healthcare, Reflection-in-action and Reflection-on-action. Reflection-in-action can also be described as thinking whilst doing. Reflection-on-action involves revisiting experiences and further analysing them to improve skills and enhance to future practice. Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994) take this idea one step further and suggest that for reflection to make a real difference to practice we follow this with a commitment to action as a result. Terry Bortons (1970) 3 stem questions:  What?,  So What?  and  Now What?  were developed by John Driscoll in 1994, 2000 and 2007. Driscoll matched the 3 questions to the stages of an  experiential learning cycle, and added trigger questions that can be used to complete the cycle. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is fairly straightforward and encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. CHOSEN MODEL The reflective model that I have chosen to use is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) as a framework, because it focuses on different aspects of an experience and allows the learner to revisit the event fully. Gibbs (1988) will help me to explore the experience further, using a staged framework as guidance ad I feel that this is a simple model, which is well structured and easy to use at this early stage in my course. By contemplating it thus, I am able to appreciate it and guided to where future development work is required. Before the critical incident is examined it is important to look at what a critical incident is and why it is important to nursing practice. Girot (1997), cited in Maslin-Prothero, (1997) states that critical incidents are a means of exploring a certain situation in practice and recognising what has been learned from the situation. Benner (1984, cited by Kacperek, 1997) argues that nurses cannot increase or develop their knowledge to its full potential unless they examine their own practice. Context of incident In the scenario the patients name will be given as Xst.   Ã‚  The consequences of my actions for the client will be explained and how they might have been improved, including what I learned from the experience. My feelings about the clinical skills used to manage the clients care will be established and my new understanding of the situation especially in relation to evidence based practice will be considered.   I will finally reflect on what actions I will take in order to ensure my continued professional development and learning.    Description Miss Xst is 55 year old woman who has a 10 year old daughter.   She suffers from psychiatric problems, lack of motivation and has difficulties in maintaining her personal hygiene and the cleanliness of her flat. She was one of my mentors clients to whom I had been assigned to coordinate and oversee her care. Mental health Nurses owe their patients a duty of care and are expected to offer a high standard of care based on current best practise, (NMC 2008).   Ã‚   Miss Xst had been prescribed Risperidone Consta 37.5mg fortnightly, which is a moderate medication. Risperidone belongs to a group of medicines called antipsychotic, which are usually used to help treat people with schizophrenia and similar condition such as psychosis. Although her condition is acute, it is not extreme and the reason for this medication is to help Miss Xst to stabilise her thought so she is able to support herself in the community (Healey, 2006). Miss Xst did not like attending depot clinic and she missed three consecutive appointments. My mentor decided after the third non-attendance to raise the issue in the handover meeting where it was decided to see Miss Xst in the morning but when we arrived she was not there. We left a note for her to call the office. We did not hear from her and a further home visit was carried out to arrange for her next depot clinic appointment. I called a meeting of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) who agreed that there would be a problem if the next injections were missed. The social worker who was part of the team said that she will arrange for a community support worker to help clean Miss Xsts flat on a weekly basis (Adams 2008). We waited for about an hour for Miss Xst to attend the clinic for her depot injection but she failed to attend. I then informed the Community Psychiatry Nurse (CPN) that Miss Xst had expressed negative feelings about her medication and thought she did not need them; she had claimed she was already feeling well and therefore wanted the medications to be discontinued.   At a subsequent meeting with the patient, she agreed a joint visit with the CPN and myself to re-assess her condition and consider if it was necessary to   Ã‚  refer her case to the consultant (Barker, 2003).   I was given the opportunity to carry out the initial assessment, which showed that her behaviour was very unpredictable and very forgetful. Her inability to take her medication and to manage her personal hygiene clearly demonstrated that she was not well. The assessment tool I used was the Mental State Examination which helps determine the level of her insight into her illness and indeed I found out that she was in denial (Barker, 2004). I talked to Miss Xst about her non-concordance with her medication, but she persisted in saying she was well.   I reminded her that continuous use of the medication would benefit her mental health and protect her against relapse.   We agreed that she could discuss this with the doctor on her next outpatient appointment, with the option of reviewing or reducing her medication. I stressed the importance of her communicating any side effects or reservations she may have about the medication to doctor. She appeared to understand this and following the discussion, she finally complied with her depot injection. Even though the NMC (2008) maintains that nurses have a responsibility to empower patient in their care and to identify and minimise risk to patient. The principle of beneficence (to do well) must be balanced against no maleficence (doing no harm) (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001).   All these transactions were recorded in Miss Xsts care plan file and in computer. Good record keeping is an integral part of nursing and midwifery practice, and is essential to the provision of safe and effective care. It is not an optional extra to be fitted in if circumstances allow NMC (2009).   The consequences of my actions for the patient and her daughter were that she attended to her daughters needs and to her personal hygiene, and made regular fortnightly visits to the clinic. Her mental condition was improved, she was allowed to continue on her moderate medication and she did not have to be readmitted in the hospital. Feeling During the handover, I was nervous as I felt uncomfortable about giving feedback to the whole team. I was worried about making mistakes during my handover that could lead to inappropriate care being given to Miss Xst or could cause her   readmission to hospital. As a student nurse I felt I lacked the necessary experience to be passing information to a group of qualified staff members.   However, I dealt with the situation with outward calm and in a professional manner. I was very pleased that my mentor was available during the handover to offer me support and this increased my confidence. Evaluation What was good about the experience was that I was able to carry out the initial assessment and identify what caused Miss Xst failure to comply with the treatment regime.   From my assessment I documented the outcome and related what had happened to the MDT with minimal assistance. Accurate documentation of patients care and treatment should communicate to other members of the team in order to provide continuity of care (NMC, 2008).   The experience has improved my communication skills immensely, I felt supported throughout the handover by my mentor who was constantly involved when I missed out any information. Thomas et al, (1997) explains that supervision is an important development tool for all learners. The team were very supportive throughout the process as they took my information without doubt.   What was not good about the experience was the fact that my mentor had not informed me that I was going to handover the information; as a result I had not mentally prepared myself for it.   I also felt that I needed more time to observe other professionals in the team carrying out their handovers before I attempted to carry out mine.   During the original MDT meeting, I felt that we did not provide enough time to freely interact with Miss Xst to identify other psychosocial needs that could impact on her health. However, in any event, she was unable to fully engage because of her mental state. Turley (2000) suggests that nursing staff should include their interaction with the patient when recording assessment details, which can be used to provide evidence for future planning and delivery of care. Dougherty and Lister (2004) have suggested that healthcare professionals should use listening as part of assessing patient problems, needs and resources.      Analysis The literature regarding communication and interpersonal skills is vast and extensive. Upon reading a small amount of the vast literature available, the student was able to analyse the incident, and look at how badly this situation was handled. I realised communication is the main key in the nursing profession as suggested by Long (1999) who states that interpersonal skills are a form of tool that is necessary for effective communication. I found it difficult to communicate with a patient because I did not understand her condition. It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. However, Bulman Schutz (2008) argue that this is failure to educate and for us to learn from practice and develop thinking skills. I would agree with them, as I learn best from practical experience, and build on it to improve my skills. With this is mind, I am now going to focus on my weaknesses, in both theory and practice, and state how, when and why I plan to improve on these. Through effective communication I was able to convince Miss Xst of the need to take her medication. I was able to pass on the information to the MDT for continuity of care.     Roger et al (2003) concluded that communication is an on-going process but can be a difficult process when dealing with mental health problems.   During the handover I was pleased that the MDT members were supportive and interested in what I was saying and they asked questions.   The patient had no recollection of what she had said to me and since the incident she has made these comments to other staff, which has put me at ease and made me realise that I had done nothing wrong. My mentor explained that a patient with Parkinsons can often behave like this as they develop dementia, which Noble (2007) also confirms. Since the incident I have read about Parkinsons and am now aware that the patients expressionless face Netdoctor (2008), also made her comments appear more confusing and aggressive. Conclusion   In conclusion, I have learnt that through effective communication, any problem can be solved regardless of the environment, circumstances or its complexity.   Therefore, nurses must ensure they are effective communicators.   I have identified the weaknesses that should be turned to strengths. I am now working on strengthening my assertiveness, confidence and communication skills. Participating in the care of Miss Xst, I have realised that a good background information and feedback about mental health problems before providing care to a clients can assist in accurate diagnosis and progress monitoring.  Ã‚   A good relationship between client and staff nurse is therapeutic and help in building trust.   This can be achieved by a free communication that allows the client to express their feelings and concern without the fear of intimidation.   From the experience, I feel the knowledge I have acquired will aid me in future while in practice should such situation arise again. ACTION PLAN FOR MY LEARNING NEEDS So that I could identify my strengths and weaknesses in both theory and practice easily, I found that the use of a SWOT analysis provided a good framework to follow. I have then built on this by producing a development plan that focuses on my weaknesses and how, when and why I plan to improve on them. I will now begin to work on these, the main reason being of course, that I am determined to be a competent, professional nurse in the future. I am now more prepared for any future patients with this disease as I have researched it. I will take the time to talk to them, to make sure they are at ease with me, before providing any care. If they appear distressed I would get another member of staff to help me to reassure them. Learning Need Planned action to meet this learning need Target time to meet the learning need. To improve my knowledge about patients illnesses and the risks of relapse associated with not taking Medication. Read books about different illnesses and causes of relapse End of third year To identify and have good background information and feedback about patients mental health problems before providing care to them To read my patients notes. On- going To ensure a good rapport exist between my patient and I, in order to build up a therapeutic relationship with them and to gain their trust. I will have regular meeting with my client On-going Effective communication with the patients and other members of the multidisciplinary team A locating time to talk to patients and their relatives participating in the ward round. On-going skills to develop throughout the training. Being prepared Talking with senior members of staff On-going CONCLUSION I have clearly demonstrated that by using a reflective model as a guide I have been able to break down, make sense of, and learn from my experience during my placement. At the time of the incident I felt very inadequate It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. According to Bulman Schutz (2008), nursing requires effective preparation so that we can care competently, with knowledge and professional skills being developed over a professional lifetime. One way this can be achieved is through what Schon (1987) refers to as technical rationality, where professionals are problem solvers that select technical means best suited to particular purposes. Problems are solved by applying theory and technique. REFERENCES Adams, L. (2008). Mental Health Nurses can Play a Role in Physical Health. Mental Health Today. October 2008 pp27 Barker, P. (2004). Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Barker, P.   Ed (2003). Psychiatric and mental health nursing: The craft of caring Arnold, London Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J. (2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (5th   Edition): Oxford University   Press. Bolton, G. (2001) Reflective Practice. Writing and Professional Development. Paul Chapman Publishing Limited, London. Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (2008) An Introduction to Reflection. In: Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (ed.) Reflective Practice in Nursing, 4th edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp 6 8 Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008a) How to organise yourself for independent study. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 64. Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008b) Going to University. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 16. Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. (2004) Royal Marsden of clinical nursing procedures. 6th edition. London: Blackwell publishers.   Gamble, C and Brennan, G (2005) Working with serious mental illness: a manual for clinical practice. Oxford: Bailliere Tindall. Kenworthy et al (2003) Marrelli, T. M (2004) The Nurse Managers Survival Guide: Practical Answer to Everyday Problems, United States of America : Elsevier Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Professional Conduct NMC: London. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009) Record keeping: Guidance for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.  Ã‚   Rolfe,   G., Freshwater, D. Jasper, M (2001) Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping professor; a Users Guide. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Roger, B. Ellis, Bob Gates, Neil Kenworthy. (2003) Interpersonal Communication in Nursing: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK. Schon, D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. Basic books. Harper Collins, San Francisco Schon, D. (1987) Preparing Professionals for the Demands of Practice. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, Jossey Bass, pp3 21. Thomas, B. Hardy, S. and Cutting, P. (1997) Mental health Nursing: Principles and Practice London: Mosby Turley, J.P.( 2000) toward and integrated view of health informatics. Information Technology in Nursing 12 (13).

Symbolism in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay

During the late nineteen-forties, it was common for playwrights such as Tennessee Williams to use symbolism as an approach to convey personal thoughts, through the attitudes of the characters and the setting. Williams' actors have used symbolism to disguise the actuality of their thoughts and to accommodate the needs of their conservative audience. A Streetcar Named 'Desire' has a few complicated character traits and themes. Therefore, they have to be symbolised using figures or images to express abstract and mystical ideas, so that the viewers can remain clueless. Williams not only depicts a clear personality of the actors but he also includes real-life public opinions from the past (some of which are contemporary.) These opinions were likely to raise controversies on issues such as prejudice, social gender expectations and men and women's roles in society. There have been numerous occasions when symbolism has taken place in A Streetcar Named 'Desire.' Firstly, Stanley is insulted several times by Blanche (his sister-in-law) Stella (his beloved wife) and other residents of the 'Quarter'. For example, the term 'animal' has been constantly spoken of, to define Stanley's malicious and ill-natured conduct. In scene four, Blanche tries to persuade her younger sister to go elsewhere and leave her husband. On page 163, she complains: Blanche: He acts like an animal, has an animal's habits! Eats like one, talks like one! There's even something - sub-human - something not quite to the stage of humanity yet! Yes, something - ape-like about him there he is - Stanley Kowalski - Bearing the raw meat home from the kill in the jungle! Furthermore, when the play begins, Stanley enters the ground-floor apartm... ... of the play, Williams may be hinting that Blanche is gradually being ruined. Perhaps her 'white radio' being tossed 'out of the window' tells us that Stanley is already against Blanche and does not like the sound of her being around. I shall conclude this essay with a brief understanding of symbolism. It is a very useful concept and often needed to give the audience a few suggestions. Symbolism makes people think and broadens their mind with varieties and ideas. In A Streetcar Named 'Desire', symbolism has been significantly used to show the roles of men and women in society and how they expect each other to be treated. It has disguised many possible sexual scenes; therefore, Williams has succeeded in transmitting some of his themes or ideas. Some of these are sexuality, madness, jealousy, racism, cruelty, loyalty, gender relationships and conflict.

Australian Tariffs

Should Australia reintroduce tarffs for the car industry? Australia's automotive Industry Is a significant contributor and major employer to the national economy. But the economy Is In crlsls. The greatest problem for the automotive industry is the mindset of the cabinets. Cabinets became downright apoplectic and argue that tax payers should not support a failing industry, and they vehemently combat the automotive industry policy as a matter of principle. The truth is, Australia cannot afford losing its car industry.Several academic investigations have been conducted about how this industry contributes to national economy, and he answer couldnt be clearer: It would cost Australia more losing Its automotive Industry rather than supporting It so It can grow strong again. Instead of being a dead weight to Australian economy, the automotive industry is a great contributor to it. The Abbot cabinet shouldn't burden this weakened industry with tariffs that will ultimately lead it to its doo m; instead, it should invest more in it, understanding its real value and accepting that it hasnt received enough attention.The government focuses more on primary production, like cattle, mining or grains; little Is left for ransforming Industries Ilke the automotive one. Australia should Improve what It has to offer to Investors, since It's facing a hard competition from other countries. If the automotive industry were to collapse, it's clear that other industries would follow it as well. Can you give examples of current tarffs, subsidies or quotas applied by the Australian Government? Do you agree with the Imposition of these tarffs, subsidies and quotas? Australia applies several tariffs on a wide variety of trading goods.For example: Instruments, weapons and manufactured articles have a 1% tariff; dairy roduce, natural honey, birds' eggs and other edible products of animal origin that aren't specified elsewhere (in the tariff establishment table) have a 0. 17% tariff; glass and glassware have a 2. 8125% tariff. Still, most Australia's customs and tariffs are lower than the global average. Regarding subsidies, the Australian government applies rates on several ambits, like home care, oxygen and enteral feeding or residential respite – and this Is only about healthcare.To be honest, Australia has a balanced taxing system, with rates that are internationally lower than other countries' ates; besides, there exists a real need for a tax system for the government to have enough resources to ensure a decent lifestyle for its citizens and to provide them with the basic human needs. Leaving aside rates like those meant to regulate industries like the automotive one, it seems that Australia has a fair economic system, not meant for crippling the citizen's economy, but rather to ensure that all the people's resources paid In the form In taxes contribute to the general wellbeing.Who do you think are the winners / losers from such protectionist measures? Ultimat ely, the citizens are the most benefited or prejudiced by these taxes and subsidies. As it has been said before, Australia's rates and tariffs are significantly lower wnen compared to tnose tnat otner countrles apply; ana tne Income tnat results from these said payments should be applied on new infrastructure, on attending the people's needs, and on ensuring that unforeseen disasters will be properly faced and answered.This is the ideal system of taxing and applying tariffs: for the countrys money to serve the countrys needs. Still, applying additional taxes to ndustries or basic services is often unfair, especially when those new rates are derived from political affairs; taking the example of the automotive industry, it seems more of a political movement than an economy issue.Thus, applying this kind of taxes only results in weakening the overall economy, which will result in affecting the citizens in general. Nothing good can come from crippling the economic system of a country by attacking the principal sectors that contribute to it; it can be said that Australia is attacking itself when it aims to weigh new taxes on an industry that should be saved instead of being combatted.

Al

Al The essay is a critical analysis of the article titled â€Å"Al-Zawahiri appointed al Qaedas new leader† which was posted on the jihadist website published on June 16 2011 by the CNN Wire Staff. The article talks about international relationship between American and the Islam community which has been viewed for the past decades as deteriorating as results of terrorism.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on â€Å"Al-Zawahiri appointed al Qaedas new leader† Article Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is worth noting that the issue of terrorism has been a hard nut to crack in the entire world and has continued to cause sleepless night to a number of countries (Shimko 127). Since the death of Osama Bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda the group was reluctant to accept his death. After consultation and coming to terms with his death, they settled on Al-Zawahiri his long term deputy to take charge of the gr oup, Hereby the General Command of the Qaeda al-Jihad and after the end of the consultations we declare that Sheikh Dr. Abu Muhammad Ayman al-Zawahiri† (CNN Wire Staff par. 4). The individual has been linked with the attacks in Kenya and Tanzania leaving close to 300 people dead and over 5000 injured. The United States of America government placed a reward of 25 million dollars for information leading to his arrest. During an attacked launched by the U.S in Afghanistan, his wife and three of his children died. From the article it is evident that Al-Zawahiri hailed the fallen al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. He said in reference to Osama went to his God martyred because he said no to America (CNN Wire Staff par. 5) The appointed leader had harsh words for the Pakistan government and claimed that Americans are not fighting al Qaeda who will not stop at anything other than confronting their oppressors. The posting although did not talk of pro-democracy uprising, it is clear tha t their policies will not be shifted and promised to support such groups as Taliban in fighting NATO and U.S. analysts hold the opinion that Al-Zawahiri will have a difficult task in leading the group. They assert that he has no charisma as that of his predecessor. My view however is contrary to theirs. Having in mind that he was born in a wealthy family just like Bin Laden, and then he will have an easy time motivate the group and give them direction since Bin Laden did a lot of work in shaping the entire group as well as imposing chain of command. Despite the claim that he commands no loyalty from members, this does not warrant the assumption that he won’t propel the group in carrying out attacks.Advertising Looking for article on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In my humble view, the leadership of Al-Zawahiri will definitely worsen the relationship of America with other Islamic coun tries particularly Egypt where the leader has roots. This rests on the view that the membership of the group will expand making American to receive opposition from all quotas. Interestingly, it is evident that even after the killing of Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda will not stop on their activities and the chances of them revenging are high. However, it is not easy to establish the timeline for the revenge. This thus calls the American authorities to be on alert at all times and change their strategies for curbing terrorism if need be. The following statement summarizes their desire to revenge, â€Å"will remain on the path of righteousness as a coherent, solid, cemented rank† (CNN Wire Staff par. 10) References Shimko, Keith. International relations: Perspective and controversies. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Al-Zawahiri appointed al Qaedas new leader, 2011.  Web.

Best Rebecca Nurse Analysis †The Crucible

Best Rebecca Nurse Analysis - The Crucible SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In Arthur Miller's The Crucible, Rebecca Nurse is a prominent and respected older woman in Puritan Salem, drawn into the witchcraft trials because of her and her husband’s friction with the Putnams. Though she has the least stage time of any of the major characters, Rebecca is important because of the moral ideals she represents. This guide goes over what we do know about Rebecca and explains why she is so important to the play despite her limited time in the audience’s eye. feature image credit: Samantha Lindsay, 2016/All rights reserved. Character Introduction: Meet Rebecca Nurse Rebecca is an older woman (especially for the times) and not physically strong. "Rebecca Nurse, seventy-two, enters. She is white-haired, leaning upon her walking-stick." (Act 1, p. 23) Relationships Married to Francis Nurse, Rebecca is on good terms with pretty much everyone in The Crucible (at least at the beginning of the play). She's so highly regarded that even non-Salem dwellers like Reverend Hale have heard good things about her: "HALE: It’s strange how I knew you, but I suppose you look as such a good soul should. We have all heard of your great charities in Beverly." (Act 1, p. 34) The only exception to Rebecca's genial social relationships is her relationship with the Putnam family. There's bad feeling between the Putnams and the Nurses there due to Rebecca's husband Francis’s blocking Putnam’s candidate for minister of Salem. Miller explicitly mentions this squabble in one of his character essays interspersed in the printed play (p. 24), but it doesn’t come up in the dialogue (or at least, not in a straightforward mention). There might also be some resentment from Ann Putnam due to her high infant mortality rate vs. Rebecca’s many children and grandchildren, but it’s only briefly touched upon in the play. It's not clear if Rebecca's fertility in the face of Ann Putnam's dead children is the reason why Rebecca is ultimately accused of murdering Ann Putnam’s children (Act 2, p. 67), or if that’s just a side-effect of the politics between the Putnamand Nurse families. What is clear, though, is that the only person Rebecca is sarcastic to inThe Crucible is Ann Putnam: "MRS. PUTNAM: This is no silly season, Rebecca. My Ruth is bewildered, Rebecca; she cannot eat.REBECCA: Perhaps she is not hungered yet." (Act 1, p. 25) With the exception of her attitude towards Goody Ann, though, Rebecca seems to think and hope for the best of people (and they strive to show it to her†¦until the witch business starts). Other Character Traits Other than the mere physical character traits, Miller characterizes GoodyNurse using both her actions and words as well as what other people say about her (other characters and Miller’s own character descriptions). Saintliness The most noticeable quality about Rebecca is her saintly demeanor and her moral superiority to the other characters in the play. Miller makes this clear from the beginning, writingâ€Å"Gentleness exudes from her† (p. 24) into the stage directions. When Rebecca is accused of witchcraft (a decidedly ungodly crime), the only justification Hale can come up with is that God has been fooled by seeming purity before: â€Å"Man, remember, until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven.† (Act 2, p. 68) Rebecca also displays high moral character through her interactions with other characters over the course of the play. She... urges Proctor not to quarrel and â€Å"break charity† with Parris, since no matter the man’s shortcomings he is still minister and thus should be respected (Act 1, p. 29). is shocked and horrified when she finds out that Goody Ann sent her daughter to consort with spirits (Act 1, p. 36). is the only one who bothers asking if Hale’s procedures will hurt Betty (Act 1, p. 37). won’t stay to see witchcraft hunted out ("REBECCA: I wish I knew. She goes out; they feel resentful of her note of moral superiority." Act 1, p. 37). has her good name attested to by 91 people, who signed their good opinion of her in a petition (Act 3, p. 86-87). Common Discussion Question: What is the function of Rebecca Nurse in the play? Answer: Rebecca serves as the moral high point of the play. She is the yardstick against which Miller measures all other characters. Smiling face with halo from Google's Noto Project/Used under Apache license. Powerful Rebecca is one of the few women to have authority pre-witchcraft trials. We know this because Parris appeals to her to help figure out what’s wrong with Betty and she is able to calm him (â€Å"I think she’ll wake in time. Pray, calm yourselves† Act 1, p. 25). She is also able to get John to not completely lose it (at least temporarily): â€Å"Pray, John, be calm. Pause. He defers to her.† (Act 1, p. 26) Rebecca's arrest causes people to feel doubt because of her power and authority in the town. As Parris worriedly tells Judges Hathorne and Danforth, â€Å"Let Rebecca stand upon the gibbet and send up some righteous prayer, and I fear she’ll wake a vengeance upon you† (Act 4, p. 8). Parris is concerned that if it turns out Rebecca was (somehow!) unjustly accused and is killed, God will be angered and take out that anger on her condemners. Common Discussion Question: Why is Rebecca Nurse being charged with witchcraft a sign the town has finally gone insane/lost all sense/gotten out of control? Answer: Because â€Å"Rebecca also enjoyed the high opinion that most people had for [her husband]† (p. 24), it was a shock for her to be named a witch. She is looked up to in the first act as having the answers because of her reputation of religious devotion (â€Å"My wife is the very brick and mortar of the church† Act 2, p. 67). In subsequent acts, the fact that she has been â€Å"condemned† is a sign that things have gone terribly wrong in Salem. As Reverend Hale says in Act 2, â€Å"[I]f Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing’s left to stop the whole green world from burning.† (Act 2, p.67) Honest GoodyNurse is the most straightforward and honest character in the play...even when it hurts her. It's hard to tell if this oblivious honesty happens because she doesn’t pick up on other people's reactions to her frank statements, or if she's oblivious because she’s used to her position of authority and thus has become accustomed to saying things without fear of reprisal due to her place in the Salem social hierarchy (more on this later). Two specific instances of this are when she's fine with telling Parris that, actually, he has been driving parishioners away (Act 1, p. 27) and when she won’t confess to witchcraft to save her life (Act 4, p. 129). When Does Rebecca Nurse Show Up in The Crucible? Rebecca only appears in Acts 1 and 4 ofThe Crucible (although she is mentioned in the other two acts by other characters). In Act 1, Rebecca shows up partway through the hullaballoo at Parris’s house, then leaves before Hale gets to the business of questioning Betty. In Act 4, Rebecca is brought in towards the end to witness John’s confession (and ultimately, his recanting of that confession); she then goes out to hang with John Proctor. What Does Rebecca Nurse Do in The Crucible? Rebecca's first action upon entering the stage in Act 1 is to soothe Betty Parris with her very presence (Act 1, p. 24). Rebecca cautions everyone onstage against putting too much stock in â€Å"silly girls† and their fancies (p. 25), warns against seeking answers in the supernatural (p. 25-26), and eventually leaves when it becomes apparent her advice is going to be ignored (p. 37). Rebecca does not appear onstage in Acts 2 and 3, but we do learn important information about her from other characters. In Act, 2, Giles Corey informs the Proctors (and the audience) that Rebecca has been charged with witchcraft (p. 67). In Act 3, Hale's identification of GoodyNurse as "Rebecca that were condemned this morning" (p. 80) lets the audience know that sometime between Acts 2 and 3, Rebecca was condemned a witch and set to hang. In Act 4, Rebecca's primary role is as a foil (and, ultimately, an inspiration) to John Proctor. Rebecca herself does not confess to witchcraft and stands by as a witness to Proctor’s â€Å"confession† and ultimate denial of his confession (p. 129-134). Rebecca Nurse Character Analysis In this next section, I'll go into more detail about possible motivations behind Rebecca's actions. Often these'll be related to an overarching theme, like hysteria or societal pressures. I've provided quotes from the text to accompany my analysis and support my interpretations. Remember, though, that my analyses are just that - interpretations. If you can think of a different explanation and then support it using evidence from the play, then you can and should do that! Rebecca's primary motivation inThe Crucible appears to be her internal sense of what is right and what is wrong. Of all the characters in the play, she is the least affected by fear and hysteria (at least, in my opinion), and is surprised when other people are swayed (e.g. p. 129 â€Å"Why, John!†). Rebecca remains strong through the course of the play; for her, doing the right thing is more important than staying alive, as she explicitly states in Act 4: â€Å"Why, it is a lie, it is a lie; how may I damn myself? I cannot, I cannot.† (Act 4, p. 129) Here Rebecca echoes Mary Warren’s "I cannot, I cannot," from the end of Act 2; instead of avowing that she cannot tell the truth (as Mary does), however, Rebecca here reaffirms that she cannot tell a lie. Ultimately, unconcern with the possible danger from hysteria is Rebecca's downfall. One instance of her not paying enough attention to other people's reactions to her is when she quiets Betty down in Act 1: MRS. PUTNAM, astonished: What have you done? Rebecca, in thought, now leaves the bedside and sits. (Act 1, p. 25). Even though Ann Putnam verbally expresses her astonishment that Betty was soothed by Rebecca's presence when Betty had previously been unresponsive to other stimuli, Rebecca completely ignores this in favor of her own thoughts. Other instances of this obliviousness can be seen when Rebecca, intentionally or not, puts down the concerns of other characters (particularly Ann Putnam) as being not worthy of further consideration. Rebecca ends up paying the price for this obliviousness and her uncompromising personal moral code with her life. TRUTH/Used under CC BY 2.0/cropped and modified from original. Common Discussion Question: Why do some people resent Rebecca and Francis Nurse? Answer: The Putnams resent that the Nurses interfered with Thomas Putnam's candidate for minister of Salem. Others may resent Francis's rise from land-renter to land-owner and Rebecca's being too saintly for her own good, as when she absents herself from Hale's witchcraft investigation in Act 1. In contrast to most of the other characters in the play, Rebecca doesn’t seem particularly motivated by pride, keeping her reputation pure, or even trying to maintain power/authority. She does keep her reputation of holiness, but this is more a side-effect than a cause: Rebecca ends up appearing so saintly because she seems above the earthly machinations and squabbles of characters like Parris and Putnam, or even above Proctor’s concern with admitting wrongdoing/losing face. How Does Rebecca Nurse Change Over Time? In contrast to characters like John Proctor and Reverend Hale, Rebecca doesn't show much development over the course ofThe Crucible, likely because Miller wanted to use her characteras a moral high point that everyone else in the play could be measured against. Rebecca's moral compass is never shaken, even when she is put through the crucible of the trials. She doesn't give in to Hale’s pleas to confess (p. 9), not because of pride, but because to do so would be lying. Similarly, Rebecca does not accuse anyone else of witchcraft - if she has too much integrity to lie about being a witch, she certainly has too much integrity to drag anyone else down with her. In addition to avoiding lies, Rebecca also shows mercy to others, even as they are weak (Proctor) or accusing her of terrible things. Even when John Proctor is falsely confessing to being a witch in Act 4, Rebecca still expresses her unhappiness in the form of wishing a positive outcome for him (â€Å"God send his mercy on you!† Act 4, p. 129). And unlike most of the male characters who run afoul of the court (Proctor, Giles Corey, even Reverend Hale), Rebecca doesn’t curse or malign those who are accusing and condemning her (e.g. Danforth). In this way, Rebecca takes responsibility for herself and maintains her high moral standing throughout the course of the play in a way no other character in The Crucible does. Rebecca Nurse Quotes from The Crucible To end this guide, I've chosen three Rebecca Nurse quotations to analyze and discuss. â€Å"I have eleven children, and I am twenty-six times a grandma, and I have seen them all through their silly seasons, and when it come on them they will run the Devil bowlegged keeping up with their mischief.† (Act 1, p. 25) Soon after her entrance in Act 1, Rebecca explicitly provides a rational explanation for why the girls are all acting weird: all young children have their silly times, so it's nothing out of the ordinary to worry about. Rebecca's reasoning has the weight of her experience behind it, and at this point in the play her experience as a devout matriarch still has some merit - even Parris seems temporarily convinced by this explanation for the girls' strange behavior. There's also a little bit of irony/foreshadowing in this quote because of the mention of the Devil having to keep up with "their [the girls’] mischief;" in fact, during the trials, it’s actually the girls who claim they are being afflicted by the Devil's mischief. â€Å"No, you cannot break charity with your minister.† (Act 1, p. 29) Here, Rebecca's warning not toâ€Å"break charity,† or turn against someone you’re supposed to honor, foreshadows the significance that the concept will have in the play. In Act 3, the concept comes up again when Giles Corey talks about how by accusing his wife of suspicious actions, he has broken charity with her (Act 3, p. 79-80). In fact, most of the people of Salem could be said to have â€Å"broken charity† with each other when neighbor turned against neighbor and started accusing each other of witchcraft. â€Å"Let you fear nothing! Another judgment waits us all!† (Act 4, p. 133) With these penultimate lines, Rebecca exhorts everyone (including the audience) to remember that the reverberations of the witchcraft trials will not simply end with the deaths of the accused witches. The "judgment" Rebecca refers to is not just everyone's judgment by God after death, but also how history will judge the witchcraft trials, and (in a meta-way) how the audience will judge the characters of The Crucible. What’s Next? Want to learn more about other characters in The Crucible? Read our complete guide to the characters of The Crucible. Need to refresh yourself on the acts Rebecca appears in? We've got summaries for both Acts 1 and 4 as well as for the entire play. How does Rebecca's character fit into the themes of the play as a whole? Read our analysis of The Crucible's themes to find out! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Berlin Blockade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Berlin Blockade - Research Paper Example This assignment will focus on the state of Europe and Germany after the Second World War, gaining understanding as to how Germany became split between the Eastern and Western powers, and what this meant to all who were involved. The tensions between the Soviet Union and the other Western allies will be examined in order to understand the events that led to the Berlin Blockade. The assignment will explore and analyze the Blockade itself, seeing how the Eastern and Western powers reacted to and countered one another’s actions. Finally, the aftermath of the Blockade will be looked at in order to determine what the consequences were for all who were involved and how it affected their relations in the years preceding the Blockade. 2. AFTER WORLD WAR II During World War ii, Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union banded together to form the allied powers in order to fight and overcome Germany. The war was brutal and left devastation in its wake. After the war, the ma in question was what to do with conquered Germany. The Soviet Union, Britain and the United States convened at Potsdam in Berlin for a conference which lasted from 16 July until 2 August. 1945. This was the third conference held by the allies after the war in which decisions were taken as how to restore Europe and deal with Germany. The leaders who attended were: Stalin of the Soviet Union, Truman of the United States and Churchill of Britain who was replaced by Attlee who had become the new Prime Minister of Britain. Already, tension was displayed between the Soviet Union who practiced Communism and the Western powers who had adopted Capitalism. The Potsdam Agreement was signed during the conference, which led to the creation of a four-power allied control council [ACC] to govern Germany. The allied council was made up of Britain, The Soviet Union, The United States and France. They were each given a zone in Germany to govern. Berlin, the capital of Germany, fell within the Soviet Union’s zone; fearing that The Soviet Union would gain an advantage by this, the other three powers insisted that Berlin too be divided into four separate sections. The Soviet Union’s zone was mainly made up of fertile agricultural land that produced most of Germany’s food; while, the British and the United States’ zones were more industrial in nature and had to rely on food stuffs from The Soviet Union. The allies planned to limit Germany’s industrial capacity in order to ensure that it would never again be able to achieve remilitarization. Britain, who occupied the zone least capable of conducting agriculture, disagreed with this resolution and fought for a greater industrial output by Germany, tightly controlled by the allies, so that Germany may become a major trading partner. Due to the lack of an agreement on this matter, each country administered its zone as it saw fit. For instance, the Soviet Union transferred all factories, equipment and technicians to Russia in order to weaken Germany and bolster Russia’s economy. [World War II Data Base, 2004] This lack of unity on the administration of Germany set the foundation for the events that would later lead to the Berlin Blockade. 3. EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE BLOCKADE The division between the Soviet Union’s Communist ideology and the Western powers Capitalist views became more pronounced over the next few years which heightened tensions within the ACC. These differences and tensions sparked off a

International security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International security - Research Paper Example Cyber attacks can be stated as anonymous and is launched from various sources across the globe. Impacts might be obvious and immediate, or subtle and dormant, eluding recognition for past many years. Cyber warfare results into high degree of damage ranging from personal systems to destruction of critical infrastructures. The growth of cyber threats is greatly affecting each and every individual. International security is closely knitted with the approach of cyber warfare. The vulnerability aspect is enhanced due to global dependence on technology. Increased connectivity has even facilitated security threats worldwide. Developing a comprehensive and effective national cyber security would help to counter such threats. Internet’s global expansion is considered to be the most powerful revolution in technological field. There are positive aspects related to internet growth which deals with rapid transmission of data. It can be stated that Internet has skyrocketed to 17 billion fro m 16 million. In modern world every business operations is based on advanced technology. Data transmission is a major aspect in business world but cyber warfare leads to exploitation of data. This study shall highlight different methods related to hacking procedure and its impact on various organizations. The research study would not only outline negative implications of cyber attacks but will also take into consideration different approaches that are used to prevent such attacks. A theoretical background encompassing concept of cyber warfare would reflect upon the motives behind such attacks and incorporation to growth journey of these crimes. Analytical opinions will also be included in this study in order to determine the impact caused on firms or countries due to such attacks and precautionary measures adopted to safeguard themselves from such attacks. The entire study will be based on secondary research since expert’s opinions are essential for this form of analytical st udy. The

Current issue in financial reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current issue in financial reporting - Essay Example There are different types of financial statements that are critical in governance and businesses, the most important goal is to manage, control and account for any amount of money that accrue from the business (Alexander & Britton 2014). Financial statements refer to chronological and formal records of business or operational activities of a person, business entity or government departments (Ernst & Young 2014). There are three core financial reports that form an integral part in the financial reporting. Firstly, balance sheet, this settlement gives an organization report on its assets, liabilities and ownership equity at any given time. The goal of this record is to ensure that the management follows systematically the companys state of affairs in managing capital, assets and addressing its liabilities2. It is an integral tool that allows detecting any abnormality in balancing assets and liability and allows for prudent decision-making (Alexander & Britton 2014). It simply shows the financial position of a business in modern accounting practice. Secondly, is the income statement, the purpose of this financial report is to give a comprehensive statement on the revenue collection and expenses? As the number one consideration in financial reporting, it should be prepared within the stipulated time, comprehensive, relevant and reliable. The income statement has an immense importance to stakeholders, managers and government for various purposes. It allows for actual valuation of the businesses (Ishmael 2012). Thirdly, the statement of cash flow is an important accounting, reporting that characterizes the current financial accounting system. It allows managers to know how cash flows within and outside organization (Dunn & Stewart 2014). The two critical uses of this report are accountability of cash within and outside organization3. Secondly, it allows tracing which department consumes more operating costs and more importantly, informs on

Rbi’s Debt Management and Monetary Policy Essay Example for Free

Rbi’s Debt Management and Monetary Policy Essay I have shown you in class, using the IS-LM model, how the above two roles of the RBI presents a conflict between the desired positions of the LM curve and therefore the equilibrium interest rate. Some of you have expressed interest in knowing more about this debate. Therefore here are the two opposing points of view. For the motion: On this side of the debate is the government which supports an independent Debt Management Office (DMO) that is separate from the RBI. The government has received support from the Report of the Internal Working Group on Debt Management which has pointed out three conflicts that arises from the present arrangement: â€Å"If the Central Bank tries to be an effective debt manager, it would lean towards selling bonds at high prices, i.e. keeping interest rates low. This leads to an inflationary bias in monetary policy.† Second â€Å"if the Central Bank tries to do a good job of discharging its responsibility of selling bonds, it has an incentive to mandate that banks hold a large amount of government paper.† Third, â€Å"if the Central Bank administers the operating systems for the government securities markets, as the RBI currently does, this creates another conflict, where the owner/ administrator of these systems is also a participant in the market.† The Percy Mistry Committee on Making Mumbai an International Financial Centre (IFC) recommended the setting up of an autonomous DMO by saying that â€Å"looking ahead, a sound public borrowing strategy for India would incorporate three elements. . . An independent Indian â€Å"debt management office† operating either as an autonomous agency or under the Ministry of Finance that regularly auctioned a large quantum of INR denominated bonds in an IFC in Mumbai. The size of these auctions would be substantial by world standards and would enhance Mumbai’s stature as an IFC.† The Raghuram Rajan committee on Financial Sector Reforms (A Hundred Small Steps) has argued against RBI providing the â€Å"investment banking† function to the government as â€Å"this involves a conflict of interest, since the government would benefit from lower interest rates, which the RBI has some control over. Investors in the bond market may also perceive the sale of bonds by RBI to be informed by a sense of how interest rates will evolve in the  future. Finally, the RBI is the regulator of banks. Banking supervision could be distorted by the desire to sell bonds at an attractive price.† Media commentators have also supported the motion. See for instance Ajay Shah writing in the Business Standard,Ila Patnaik writing in the Indian Express, Shruthi Jayaram writing in the Financial Express, S. Narayan writing in the Mint. Also see what the Stanford University’s Policy Brief and the Bank for International Settlements feel about this issue. Against the motion: Predictably the RBI is opposing the above views. See this Business Standard report which quotes RBI Governor Dr Subbarao as saying that Only central banks have the requisite market pulse and instruments to aid in making contextual judgements which an independent debt agency, driven by narrow objectives, will not be able to do. The Governor further said that in order to achieve monetary and financial stability, separation of debt management from central bank seems to be a sub-optimal choice. The case for shifting debt management function out of the central bank is made on several arguments such as resolving conflict of interest, reducing the cost of debt, facilitating debt consolidation and increasing transparency. These advantages are overstated, Dr Subbarao said. He said market borrowings are the major source of deficit financing at state level and such borrowings are exceeding the absorptive capacity of the market. That makes it imperative to harmonise the market borrowing programmes of the Centre and the states. Separation of the Centres debt management from the central bank will make such harmonisation difficult, Dr Subbarao added. He said even internationally, there is closer association between the central bank with sovereign debt management for proper monetary policy and financial stability. Also see this Business Line report which quotes Dr Subbrao as saying that â€Å"the learning from the recent global crisis is that those systems where central bank manages government debt are more effective. When fiscal deficit is as high as it is in India, it is not only about debt management in the conventional sense. It has larger implications for liquidity management and monetary policy transmission. The balance of advantage would lie in the RBI continuing to manage public debt until fiscal deficit comes down to very comfortable levels.† RBI’s internal research  supports the above view by demonstrating that interest rates have not been affected by the government’s borrowing programme (a point made by some of you in class). Some media commentators have also supported RBI’s view (see this article in the Economic Times). You will be amused to know that Dr Subbarao himself was an advocate of an independent DMO when he used to work for the government! The confusion over this issue was evidenced by the Rakesh Mohan Committee on India’s Financial Sector Assessment which opined in favour of an independent DMO with the chairman (an ex-deputy governor of the RBI) disagreeing with the committee’s view! Tailpiece: The RBI seems to have reconciled to the setting up of an independent DMO but is insisting that they be in charge of running the office (so much for independence)! See this report from the Financial Express. Finally you may enjoy reading this article from the Economic Times on â€Å"Chidambaram vs Subbarao: How conflicts between govt and RBI could lead to better policy-making†.